![]() Advantages of SAI include examining biologic processes from the molecular to the organ system level in living animals and repeated measurements on individual animals for time-course studies. Most animal experimentation still involves sacrificing animals for experimental analyses. Small-animal imaging ( SAI) allows analysis of tissue and organ structure and function in living organisms. Genetic technology (e.g., DNA cloning), exploits advances in our understanding of gene structure and function to explore the basis for health and disease in cells and tissues (XVI). ![]() Membrane transfer and blotting methods allow the identification of molecules separated by electrophoresis (XV). Both molecule size and charge can contribute to the separation process (XIV). Cell, tissue, and organ cultures involve isolating components of organisms in controlled conditions and thereby allowing observation of the effects of treatments without interference from the homeostatic mechanisms in intact organisms (XI).Ĭell fractionation involves mechanically breaking cells and subsequently separating their minute components by centrifugation for electron microscopic or biochemical analysis (XII).Ĭhromatography involves separating molecules based on their physical or chemical properties, enabling their purification for further study (XIII).Įlectrophoresis involves separating charged molecules using an electrical field. ![]()
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